Explained | How are Russia’s low-cost glide bombs changing the nature of the war in Ukraine?

The Russian air force is increasing its use of updated Soviet-era weaponry, adapted for modern warfare, to bombard Ukrainian forces, devastate towns, and gain a battlefield edge for Moscow.

“The experience of the past months and weeks shows that the enemy has significantly increased aircraft activity, using guided air bombs that destroy our positions,” Ukrainian commander-in-chief Oleksandr Syrsky said.

The guided weapons, often called "glide bombs," are outdated projectiles traditionally released from Su-34 and Su-35 aircraft directly onto targets. With the addition of inexpensive pop-out wings and a satellite navigation system, these once "dumb bombs" can now be deployed by Russian bombers far beyond the front line, beyond the reach of Ukraine's air defence systems.

The glide bombs have a capacity ranging from 500 kilogrammes to 1.5 tonnes of explosives and can travel over 60 kilometres, creating craters up to 20 metres wide and 6 metres deep.

They are highly destructive, leading Ukrainian analysts associated with Deep State, a group affiliated with the defence ministry, to describe them as a weapon against which Kyiv's forces have “practically no countermeasures.”

Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba told the Financial Times that his country’s soldiers “are being massively, and I would say even routinely, attacked by guided aerial bombs that wipe out our positions”.

Ukrainian defence officials report that Russians have launched approximately 3,500 of these guided aerial bombs at Ukraine this year alone, marking a sixteenfold increase from 2023.

In the third week of March alone, Russia “launched over 700 guided aerial bombs”, President Volodymyr Zelensky said.

Ukraine requires a substantial increase in modern air defence systems to counter these threats. According to a report by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), the rise in glide-bomb attacks highlights the scarcity of air defence weaponry. Delays in European military aid and a stalled $US60 billion package from the US Congress have contributed to this shortage.

During the final week of March, Kharkiv, Ukraine's second-largest city, experienced two attacks from "unified multipurpose" glide bombs, which can travel up to 90 kilometres. This marked the city's first encounter with aerial bombs, rather than missiles or drones, since the start of the full-scale invasion.

Since the invasion in February 2022, the Russian air force has played a minor role. The conflict has mainly involved ground battles, resembling a blend of World War I-style trench warfare with modern drone technology.

However, as the fighting has stabilised in recent months, the air war over Ukraine has intensified. In March, Russia launched several cruise and ballistic missiles at Ukrainian energy facilities and civilian infrastructure. These strikes caused prolonged power outages in Kharkiv and endangered hydroelectric power plants in Kaniv and Zaporizhzhia.

At the same time, Kyiv targeted several oil refineries and a drone factory deep within Russia, along with warships and command facilities of the Russian Black Sea fleet in Crimea.

Experts believe that Russia's air force is now taking on a crucial role, shifting the momentum of the war in its favour. This shift is attributed to the development and deployment of glide bombs.

In a recent assessment, the Institute for the Study of War noted that the Russian military effectively used "mass glide-bomb strikes" during the seizure of Avdiivka in mid-February.

Hundreds of glide bombs destroyed the town in the Donetsk region, compelling Ukrainian troops to withdraw.

“These bombs completely destroy any position. All buildings and structures simply turn into a pit after the impact of just one,” Egor Sugar, a Ukrainian soldier who fought in Avdiivka, wrote on X. “And they drop 60-80 on us in one day.”

The leader of the armed forces attributed the use of glide bombs as a significant factor in his decision to order troops to withdraw from Avdiivka. This retreat marked Moscow's first significant battlefield victory in almost a year.

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Large-scale manufacturing

Currently, Russia is increasing the production of glide bombs and modernising the 500-kilogramme FAB-500 and the 1500-kilogramme FAB-1500 bombs.

Earlier this month, Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu visited a factory in the Nizhny Novgorod region, where he examined production facilities.

The defence ministry said the factory had “increased the production of FAB-500 aerial bombs many times over [and] doubled the production of the FAB-1500”.

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Yet, Western experts and even prominent pro-Kremlin military bloggers on Telegram, who run channels devoted to Russia's air force, have voiced doubts regarding the FAB-3000.

Several have called it as impractical since it can only be transported by Tupolev Tu-22M bombers.

(With inputs from agencies)

Disclaimer: A number of claims and counterclaims are being made on the Ukraine-Russia conflict on the ground and online. While WION takes utmost care to accurately report this developing news story, we cannot independently verify the authenticity of all statements, photos and videos.